Abstract: The construction of modern agriculture is the consistent requirements from 16th CPC. Rural left-behind population, whose quantity, distribution, structure, quality, investment of efforts are all in need of improvement, have pose serious challenges to the scale development, industrialization, modernization and intensive development of modern agriculture. To equip agriculture with modern material conditions, to reform agriculture with modern science and technologies, to enhance agriculture through modern industrial structure, to prompt it with modern management, to employ modern development theory to guide the agricultural development and to cultivate new farmers to develop agriculture are among the methods to fundamentally relieve the conflicts between rural left-behind population and the modern agriculture construction.