Abstract: The Northern and Southern Song Dynasties marked a zenith in the development of ancient Chinese scientific and technological thoughts. Literature of natural history served as a vital carrier, constructing a knowledge system that was both systematic and practical. Works such as Records of the Mutual Influence of Natural Categories, Extensive Records of the Forest Affairs, and Records of Natural Resources and Administration in the Guihai Region embody these rich thoughts. They encompass fields ranging from astronomy, mathematics, agriculture, biology, traditional Chinese medicine, physics, chemistry, and maritime technologies. These works broke the traditional mode of scattered records by establishing an encyclopedic classification system. By integrating text with illustrations, they demonstrated the Dynasties’ in-depth observation and systematic induction of natural phenomena. As a result, this study offers valuable insights for constructing a contemporary Chinese discourse system on science and technology.