Abstract: The traditional view on the consistency of virtue and good fortune since Western Zhou Dynasty, however, faced a crisis during the social upheavals of the Spring and Autumn period. The idealistic hope of achieving a happy life by accepting the heaven’s will via virtue was almost shattered. In response to this, Mencius proposed the theory of nature and destiny, which provided a belief for people to accept the heaven’s will via virtue. By clarifying the relationship between nature and destiny, Mencius answered the question regarding the possibility of achieving the ideal way of life from a higher dimension. His theory of nature and destiny transformed the traditional view on the consistency of virtue and good fortune, which had been based on the length of one’s life or one’s rank and honor, into a transcendent view on the consistency of virtue and good fortune based on moral gain and loss. His theory emphasizes that there is a way to achieve one’s goals, and that success also depends on fate. By doing so, the dilemma of the traditional view on the consistency of virtue and good fortune is resolved.