Abstract: The national regional autonomy is one of the three politic systems. From the 1952 Constitution to the 1982 one, and then to Law of National Regional Autonomy, China has constructed a constitutional system of governing ethnic groups with national regional autonomy as the core. In the new century, such system is facing with the new challenges as social economic gap, decreased national identity, and geopolitical crisis. Only through the reform in constitutional text will the system of national regional autonomy become mature gradually.